What is Forex "Liquidity"? A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding Spread and Its Impact on Trading

The Lifeblood of the Market: Understanding Forex Liquidity and Its Importance 

1. What is Liquidity? The Ease of Buying and Selling 

• Scenario 1: You want to sell a very popular, highly sought-after new smartphone. You can easily find a buyer and sell it quickly at a price close to the market consensus. This is high liquidity.
• Scenario 2: You want to sell a very rare antique that only specific collectors are interested in. You may need a long time to find a buyer, and to sell it, you might have to significantly lower the price. This is low liquidity.

• There are more active buyers and sellers in the market.
• You can more easily complete your desired buy or sell transactions quickly at prices close to the current market quotes.

2. Why is the Forex Market Extremely Liquid? 

• Huge Trading Volume: It is the largest financial market in the world, with daily trading volumes reaching trillions of US dollars.
• Global Operation: The forex market operates 24 hours a day, 5 days a week, continuously on a global scale.
• Numerous Participants: From central banks of various countries, large commercial banks, multinational corporations, investment funds, to forex dealers and retail traders like us, all continuously engage in buying and selling.

3. How Does Liquidity Affect You Practically? 

• Impact on Spread Size (Spreads): 
  High Liquidity = Low Spread: When there are many active buyers and sellers in the market, the gap between the best ask price and the best bid price naturally narrows. This is why the Major currency pairs with the largest trading volumes (such as EUR/USD) usually have very low spreads during main trading sessions.
  Low Liquidity = High Spread: When market participants decrease and buying/selling willingness is weak (for example, some less popular currency pairs, during very quiet market periods, or uncertain moments before major news releases), dealers often widen the bid-ask spread to facilitate trades or hedge risks, causing spreads to widen.
• Impact on Order Execution: 
  High Liquidity = Smooth Execution: When liquidity is sufficient, your buy and sell orders are more likely to be executed quickly at the prices you see or very close to them. The chance of "slippage" —where the actual execution price is worse than the expected price—is lower.
  Low Liquidity = Difficult Execution / Possible Slippage: When liquidity is insufficient, especially if you trade large volumes or during periods of high market volatility (such as the moment important data is released, when liquidity may temporarily dry up), your orders may be difficult to execute at the expected price, increasing the likelihood of slippage.
• Impact on Trading Costs and Efficiency: 
  Overall, high liquidity means lower trading costs (mainly reflected in tighter spreads) and higher trading efficiency (orders can be executed faster and better).

4. Liquidity Differences Under Various Conditions 

• Currency Pairs: 
  Major currency pairs (Major Pairs): such as EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, etc., involve currencies of major global economies, have the largest trading volumes, and the highest liquidity.
  Minor currency pairs (Minor Pairs) and Emerging/Exotic currency pairs (Exotic Pairs): have relatively smaller trading volumes, lower liquidity, and usually wider spreads.
• Trading Sessions: 
  Peak Liquidity: When the trading hours of major global financial centers overlap, especially the London and New York sessions (approximately 1 PM to 5 PM GMT), the market is most active and liquidity is at its best, with the narrowest spreads.
  Lower Liquidity: During single-market dominant sessions (such as the early Asian session) or major global holidays, market trading volume decreases, liquidity drops, and spreads may widen.

5. Key Insights for Beginners 

• Prioritize Trading High Liquidity Instruments: As a beginner, it is strongly recommended to focus your trading on Major currency pairs. This makes it easier to obtain lower trading costs (spreads) and more stable order execution.
• Be Aware of Trading Session Impacts: Recognize that spreads and execution conditions may vary across different trading sessions. Avoid trading during periods of clearly insufficient liquidity (such as late night or early morning in your local time) unless you have special strategies and risk preparations.
• Be Cautious During News Releases: At the moment of major economic data or news events, market liquidity may drop sharply, causing spreads to widen instantly and increasing slippage risk. If you lack experience, it is best to stay on the sidelines during these times or use very small positions with proper stop-loss settings.

Conclusion